Oil Burner (engine)

An oil burner engine is a steam engine that uses oil as its fuel. The term is usually applied to a locomotive or ship engine that burns oil to heat water, to produce the steam which drives the pistons, or turbines, from which the power is derived.

This is mechanically very different from diesel engines, which use internal combustion, although they are sometimes colloquially referred to as oil burners.

History

A variety of experimental oil powered steam boilers were patented in the 1860s. Most of the early patents used steam to spray atomized oil into the steam boilers furnace. Attempts to burn oil from a free surface were unsuccessful due to the inherently low rates of combustion from the available surface area.

On 21 April 1868 the steam yacht ''Henrietta'' made a voyage down the river Clyde powered by an oil fired boiler designed and patented by a Mr Donald of George Miller & Co. Donald's design used a jet of dry steam to spray oil into a furnace lined with fireproof bricks. Prior to the ''Henrietta''’s oil burner conversion, George Miller & Co was recorded as having used oil to power their works in Glasgow for a “considerable time”.

During the late 19th century numerous burner designs were patented using combinations of steam, compressed air and injection pumps to spray oil into boiler furnaces. Most of the early oil burner designs were commercial failures due to the high cost of oil (relative to coal) rather than any technical issues with the burners themselves.

Steam Ships

In the 1870s Caspian steamships began using mazut, a residual fuel oil which at that time was produced as a waste stream by the many oil refineries located in the Absheron peninsula. During the late 19th century Mazut remained cheap and plentiful in the Caspian region.

In 1870 either the ''SS Iran'' or ''SS Constantine'' (depending on source) became the first ship to convert to burning fuel oil, both were Caspian based merchant steamships.

During the 1870s, the Imperial Russian Navy converted the ships of the Caspian fleet to oil burners starting with the ''Khivenets'' in 1874.

In 1894, the oil tanker ''SS Baku Standard'' became the first oil burning vessel to cross the Atlantic Ocean. In 1903, the Red Star Liner '' SS Kensington'' became the first passenger liner to make the Atlantic crossing with boilers fired by fuel oil.

Fuel oil has a higher energy density than coal and oil powered ships did not need to employ stokers however coal remained the dominant power source for marine boilers throughout the 19th century primarily due to the relatively high cost of fuel oil. Oil was used in marine boilers to a greater extent during the early 20th century. By 1939 about half the world’s ships burned fuel oil, of these about half had steam engines and the other half used diesel engines.

Steam Locomotives

Oil burners designed by Thomas Urquhart were fitted to the locomotives of the Gryazi-Tsaritsyn railway in southern Russia. Thomas Urquhart, who was employed as a Locomotive Superintendent by the Gryazi-Tsaritsyn Railway Company, began his experiments in 1874. By 1885 all the locomotives of the Gryazi-Tsaritsyn Railway had been converted to run on fuel oil.

In Great Britain an early pioneer of oil burning railway locomotives was James Holden, of the Great Eastern Railway. In James Holden's system, steam was raised by burning coal before the oil fuel was turned on. Holden's first oil burning locomotive ''Petrolea,'' was a class T19 2-4-0. Built in 1893, ''Petrolea'' burned waste oil that the railway had previously been discharging into the River Lea. Due to the relatively low cost of coal, oil was rarely used on Britain's streamtrains and in most cases only where there was a shortage of coal.

In the United States, the first oil burning steam locomotive was in service on the Southern Pacific railroad by 1900. By 1915 there were 4,259 oil burning steam locomotives in the United States, which represented 6.5% of all the locomotives then in service. Most oil burners were operated in areas west of the Mississippi where oil was abundant. American usage of oil burning steam locomotives peaked in 1945 when they were responsible for around 20% of all the fuel consumed (measured by energy content) during rail freight operations. After WW2, both oil and coal burning steam locomotives were replaced by more efficient diesel engines and had been almost entirely phased out of service by 1960.

Notable early oil-fired steamships

Passenger Liners

* SS ''Kensington''
* NMS ''Regele Carol I'' (one oil fired + one coal fired boiler)
* SS ''Tenyo Maru''
* SS ''George Washington''

Warships

* ''Re Umberto''-class - Italian ironclad battleships equipped to burn a mix of coal and oil
* ''Rostislav'' - Russian battleship
* HMS ''Spiteful'' - British Royal Navy destroyer
* ''Paulding''-class destroyers - US Navy

Notable oil-fired steam locomotives

General

* Most cab forward locomotives
* Some Fairlie locomotives
* Some steam locomotives used on heritage railways
* Advanced steam technology locomotives

Australia

* NSWGR D55 Class
* NSWGR D59 Class
* VR J Class
* VR R Class
* WAGR U Class
* WAGR Pr Class

India

* Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
* Nilgiri Mountain Railway

Great Britain

*GER Class T19
*GER Class P43
* GWR 101 Class

New Zealand

*NZR JA class (North British-built locomotives only)
*NZR JB class
*NZR K class (1932) - converted from coal 1947-53
*NZR KA class - converted from coal 1947-53

North America

* Sierra Railway 3 - Part of Railtown 1897 State Historic Park
* Sierra Railway 28 - Part of Railtown 1897 State Historic Park
* McCloud Railway 25 - Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad ( Garibaldi, OR)
* California Western 45 - California Western Railroad ( Fort Bragg, CA)
* Great Smoky Mountains Railroad 1702 - Great Smoky Mountains Railroad ( Bryson City, NC)
* Union Pacific 844 - UP Heritage Fleet (Cheyenne, WY)
* Union Pacific 4014 - UP Heritage Fleet ( Cheyenne,WY)
* Union Pacific 3985 - Railroading Heritage of Midwest America ( Silvis, IL)
* Union Pacific 737
* White Pass & Yukon Route 73 - White Pass and Yukon Route ( Skagway, AK)
* Santa Fe 5000 - Amarillo, TX
* Santa Fe 3759 - Locomotive Park ( Kingman, AR)
* Santa Fe 3751 - San Bernardino Railroad Historical Society (San Bernardino, CA)
* Santa Fe 3450 - RailGiants Train Museum (Pomona, CA)
* Santa Fe 3415 - Abilene and Smoky Valley Railroad (Abilene, KS)
* Santa Fe 2926 - New Mexico Steam Locomotive and Railroad Historical Society (Albuquerque, NM)
* Santa Fe 1316 - Texas State Railroad (Palestine, TX)
* Texas and Pacific 610 - Texas State Railroad (Palestine, TX)
* Southern Pine Lumber Co. 28 - Texas State Railroad (Palestine, TX)
* Tremont and Gulf 30/ Magma Arizona 7 - Texas State Railroad (Palestine, TX)
* Oregon Railroad & Navigation 197 - Oregon Rail Heritage Center (Portland, OR)
* Spokane, Portland and Seattle 700 - Oregon Rail Heritage Center (Portland, OR)
* Southern Pacific 4449 - Oregon Rail Heritage Center (Portland, OR)
* Southern Pacific 4460 - National Museum of Transportation ( Kirkwood, MO)
* Southern Pacific 4294 - California State Railroad Museum (Sacramento, California, Sacramento, CA)
* Southern Pacific 2479 - California Trolley and Railroad Corporation
* Southern Pacific 2472 - Golden Gate Railroad Museum
* Southern Pacific 2467 - Pacific Locomotive Association, Inc.
* Southern Pacific 2353 - Pacific Southwest Railway Museum (Campo, California, Campo, CA)
* Southern Pacific 2248 - Grapevine Vintage Railroad (Grapevine, Texas, Grapevine, TX)
* Southern Pacific 1744 - Pacific Locomotive Association, Inc.
* Southern Pacific 18 - Eastern California Museum (Independence, California, Independence, CA)
* St. Louis Southwestern 819, Cotton Belt 819 - Arkansas Railroad Museum (Pine Bluff, Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR)
* SLSF 1522, Frisco 1522 - National Museum of Transportation ( Kirkwood, MO)
* Southern Railway 401 - Monticello Railway Museum (Monticello, Illinois, Monticello, IL)
* Rio Grande class K-28, Durango and Silverton Class K-28 473 and 476 - Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad (Durango, Colorado, Durango, CO)
* Rio Grande class K-36, Durango and Silverton Class K-36 480 and 482 - Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad (Durango, Colorado, Durango, CO)
* Rio Grande class K-37, Durango and Silverton Class K-37 493 - Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad (Durango, Colorado, Durango, CO)
* Rio Grande class K-36, Cumbres and Toltec Class K-36 489 - Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad (Chama, New Mexico, Chama, NM)

See also

*Oil refinery
*Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
*Timeline of steam power

References

{{reflist

External links

Fuel energy & steam traction

Engine technology
Energy conversion
Combustion engineering
Steam engine technology